甲板實習生如何成為一名合格的三副

甲板實習生如何成為一名合格的三副

——船舶安全設備管理與實務經(jīng)驗分享

作者：李殿波 趙立帥

摘 要 / SUMMARY

Based on the actual job requirements of a ship's Third Officer, this paper systematically summarizes the management of life-saving appliances (LSA) and fire-fighting appliances (FFE), implementation of the ship safety management system, duties during navigation and at port, and key inspection items for Port State Control (PSC). In accordance with SOLAS and ISM Codes, combined with practical ship operation experience, it sorts out daily management essentials and common problems for Third Officers, aiming to provide references for newly appointed Third Officers.

本文結(jié)合船舶三副崗位的實際工作要求，對救生設備與消防設備管理、船舶安全體系執(zhí)行、航行與在港職責以及PSC檢查重點進行了系統(tǒng)總結(jié)。文章以SOLAS與ISM體系為依據(jù)，結(jié)合船舶實際操作經(jīng)驗，對三副日常管理要點與常見問題進行歸納，旨在為新任三副提供參考。

一、前 言

The Third Officer holds the most fundamental yet critically vital safety position within the deck department. Instead of not only focusing on ship maneuvering along routes, their core work lies in continuous maintenance of life-saving and fire-fighting equipment as well as execution of the ship safety management system.

During actual vessel operation, the quality of a Third Officer's work directly determines PSC inspection results and the overall safety condition of the ship. Therefore, this position demands a strong sense of responsibility and consistent meticulous inspection capabilities.

三副是船舶駕駛部門中最基礎但極為關鍵的安全崗位之一。其工作重心并非僅限于航線操縱，而是船舶救生與消防設備的持續(xù)維護與安全體系執(zhí)行。

在實際船舶運營中，三副的工作質(zhì)量直接影響PSC檢查結(jié)果以及船舶整體安全狀態(tài)。因此，該崗位要求具備高度責任心與持續(xù)細致的檢查能力。

二、三副工作概況

▲ 救生艇吊放設備日常檢查

The Third Officer reports directly to the Chief Officer and Master. Primary duties include inspection, maintenance, testing and record management of shipboard life-saving appliances (LSA) and fire-fighting appliances (FFE), alongside navigation watch keeping and implementation of the ship safety management system.

三副直接向大副及船長匯報工作，主要負責船舶救生設備（LSA）與消防設備（FFE）的檢查、維護、測試及記錄管理，并參與航行值班與船舶安全體系運行。

三、救生設備管理

Life-saving appliances serve as the final safety lifeline on board and must remain fully operational at all times. Main equipment includes lifeboats, rescue boats, life rafts, life jackets, immersion suits, etc.

救生設備是船舶最后一道生命保障線，必須確保隨時處于可用狀態(tài)。主要包括：救生艇、救助艇、救生筏、救生衣、浸水服等。

3.1 救生艇、救助艇常規(guī)檢查

▲ 重力式救生艇吊放實操檢查

• 艇體外殼內(nèi)外完好無破損 The interior and exterior hull shall remain intact without damage

• 艇身兩側(cè)及頂部標識清晰完整 Markings on both sides and top of the boat shall be clear and complete

• 艇燈、蓄電池、艙底泵、艇底塞、主機、傳動機構、舵機、釋放裝置、吊艇機構工況正常 Boat lights, storage batteries, bilge pumps, boat plugs, main engines, transmission mechanisms, steering gears, release devices and davit mechanisms shall operate normally

• 海況允許時，每周將救生艇（重力式）、救助艇從存放位置移出，實操檢查；對尾拋式救生艇進行每周目視滑道、鎖具檢查 When sea conditions permit, gravity-type lifeboats and rescue boats shall be moved out of stowed positions for practical inspection every week; for free-fall lifeboats, weekly visual inspection of slipways and locking gear shall be carried out

• 救生艇屬具管理，統(tǒng)一管控淡水、口糧、各類信號、急救包、暈船藥、滅火器等有效期，臨近到期提前申報申請換新 Centralized control of all lifeboat accessories: track the expiry dates of fresh water, provisions, signal appliances, first-aid kits, seasickness pills, portable fire extinguishers, etc.

• 每周測試艇機，累計運行測試時長不少于3分鐘 Test the boat engine weekly for a running test of no less than 3 consecutive minutes

• 周檢時操作舵機，確認左右轉(zhuǎn)向靈活無卡滯 Operate the steering gear during weekly inspections to confirm smooth left/right turning without jamming

• 熟練掌握釋放鉤操作流程（on-load / off-load release兩種模式），操作步驟張貼于艇內(nèi) Fully master operating procedures for both on-load and off-load release hooks; operation steps shall be posted inside the boat

• 復位流程參照艇內(nèi)張貼說明，重點步驟：復位掛鉤、壓下復位手柄，檢查掛鉤、釋放手柄、安全銷全部歸位 Follow posted instructions for resetting procedures: reset hooks, depress reset handles, and verify hooks, release handles and safety pins are all fully repositioned

• 吊艇架整體完好；各類演習時測試吊艇絞車及電機運轉(zhuǎn)工況 Davit frames shall remain intact overall; test operation of davit winches and motors during all drills

• 每月測試登離艇區(qū)域照明；救生艇、救助艇操作說明書清晰完好 Test embarkation and disembarkation area lighting monthly; clear and intact operation manuals for lifeboats and rescue boats shall be kept on board

• 記錄救生艇、救助艇及吊艇絞車上次檢修時間；施放、回收流程張貼于艇存放區(qū)域 Record the last overhaul date of lifeboats, rescue boats and davit winches; launch and recovery procedures shall be posted at stowage locations

? 內(nèi)部腐蝕無法確認

? 能夠確認是否腐蝕

• 閥體外觀狀態(tài)有無破損 Check external casing for damage

• 靜水壓力釋放器（HRU）有效期檢查 Verify the expiry date of the Hydrostatic Release Unit (HRU)

• 首纜是否正確和易斷環(huán)（weak link）連接 Confirm the painter is correctly connected to the weak link

• 登乘梯狀態(tài)是否合格，天氣晴朗時打開梯罩通風干燥，定期檢查卸扣 Inspect the condition of embarkation ladders; unzip ladder covers for ventilation and drying on sunny days, and regularly check shackles

• 救生筏的綁帶是否需要剪掉看閥體表面的標識 Check whether the securing straps of liferafts need to be cut to inspect markings on the casing surface

• 綁扎救生筏的鋼絲，必須可以檢查內(nèi)部腐蝕情況并滿足SOLAS的釋放可靠性要求 Steel wires securing liferafts must allow inspection for internal corrosion and comply with SOLAS requirements for reliable release

▲ Painter正確連接方式：與weak link（易斷環(huán)）連接

▲ 保證登乘梯的良好狀態(tài)

▲ 登乘梯的卸扣定期保養(yǎng)檢查并且活絡

3.3 救生衣、浸水服、救生圈常規(guī)檢查

▲ 定期對船員展開浸水服穿戴培訓

• 外觀檢查：是否有破損，反光帶是否脫落或失效，面料是否老化，是否有油污，縫線是否開裂 Visual inspection: check for damage, peeling or ineffective reflective tape, aged fabric, oil stains and split stitching

• 配件完整性：哨子和自亮燈是否存在且可用，綁帶是否完整無斷裂，卡扣是否能正常鎖緊 Verify complete accessories: whistles and self-igniting lights shall be present and functional; binding straps shall be unbroken, buckles shall lock normally

• 浸水服拉鏈定期潤滑，保證其潤滑性；存放時拉鏈拉到最底下方便直接穿 Lubricate zippers of immersion suits regularly to guarantee smooth operation; store suits with zippers fully lowered for quick donning

• 救生衣是否為SOLAS標準（≥150N），內(nèi)部浮材是否變形；成人/兒童型號是否正確分配 Confirm lifejackets meet SOLAS standard (≥150N buoyancy) with undeformed internal buoyancy material; adult and child sizes shall be allocated correctly

• 救生衣、浸水服按照muster station正確布置，易于快速取用，有船名和船籍港標識 Lifejackets and immersion suits shall be arranged at muster stations for quick access, marked with ship name and port of registry

• 氣脹式救生衣和浸水服定期進行強制岸檢 Inflatable lifejackets and immersion suits shall undergo mandatory shore-based inspection at specified intervals

• 確認浸水服是否需要和救生衣一起穿戴，定期對船員展開穿戴培訓 Confirm whether immersion suits must be worn with lifejackets; conduct regular donning training for all crew

▲ 滅火器稱重檢查

Fire-fighting equipment is a high-priority inspection area during PSC surveys and the core of ship fire safety. Main equipment includes portable fire extinguishers, fixed fire-fighting systems, Emergency Escape Breathing Devices (EEBD), firemen's outfits and self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA), fire alarm systems, etc.

消防設備管理是PSC檢查重點區(qū)域，也是船舶防火安全核心。主要包括：移動式滅火器具、固定式滅火系統(tǒng)、EEBD、消防員裝備及呼吸器，火警系統(tǒng)等。

4.1 滅火器常規(guī)檢查

核心要求

滅火器作為船舶消防設備的重要組成部分，必須確保壓力或重量正常、有效期合格、外觀完好且布置符合消防布置圖要求，以保證隨時可投入使用。

• 壓力檢查：指針必須在綠色區(qū)域，不允許低壓或超壓；CO?需檢查重量（不是看壓力表） Pressure gauge pointers must stay within the green zone; for CO? extinguishers, verify weight instead of pressure gauges

• 年檢標簽清晰，岸檢證書齊全 Annual inspection labels shall be legible with complete shore inspection certificates

• 外觀狀態(tài)：是否有銹蝕，瓶體是否變形，噴嘴是否堵塞，安全銷是否在位 Check for rust on the exterior, deformed cylinders, clogged nozzles and installed safety pins

• 安裝位置固定牢靠，位置和fire plan一致，易于快速取用，無遮擋 Mounting positions shall be secure, consistent with fire control plans, unobstructed and readily accessible

• 按照SOLAS要求存有備品；瓶體內(nèi)的驅(qū)動氣瓶過期前更換并存有備用 Spare parts shall be carried as required by SOLAS; replace drive gas cylinders before expiry and maintain spare units

• 岸檢由認可岸基服務單位進行拆檢、重裝、功能測試并更新標簽，確保符合年度及水壓測試周期要求 All shore inspections shall be performed by authorized shore service providers, ensuring equipment meets operational standards and complies with annual and hydro-static test cycles

▲ 滅火器拆檢與維護保養(yǎng)

4.2 固定式滅火系統(tǒng)常規(guī)檢查

▲ 消防水系統(tǒng)出水壓力測試

▌消防水系統(tǒng)（Fire Water System）

• 主消防泵啟動正常；應急消防泵可獨立啟動，壓力達系統(tǒng)要求并穩(wěn)定，自動/手動啟動有效 Main fire pump shall start normally; emergency fire pump shall operate independently with stable pressure meeting system requirements under both automatic and manual start modes

• 管路無泄露或腐蝕，閥門靈活可操作，消防栓可正常出水并無泄露 Inspect pipelines for leakage and corrosion; verify valves operate freely and hydrants discharge water without leakage

• 隔離閥定期活絡且處于隨時可用狀態(tài) Isolation valves shall be regularly operated to remain ready for immediate use

▲ 消防隔離閥定期活絡保養(yǎng)

▌固定式二氧化碳滅火系統(tǒng)（Fixed CO? System）

▲ CO?固定滅火系統(tǒng)瓶組間

• CO?瓶組瓶體壓力或重量正常，在有效檢驗周期內(nèi)，固定靠牢 Check weight or pressure of CO? cylinder banks and confirm validity of inspection cycles; cylinders shall be securely fixed

• 釋放系統(tǒng)控制箱鎖閉良好，手動釋放裝備完好，無誤操作風險 Control boxes for release systems shall be properly locked; manual release equipment shall be intact with no risk of accidental operation

• 鋼瓶組需區(qū)分運輸保險銷與手動操作保險銷，嚴禁錯裝漏拔 Distinguish transit safety pins and manual operation safety pins for cylinder banks; avoid incorrect installation, missing or misplaced pins

• CO?間整潔通風良好；張貼操作規(guī)程 The CO? room shall be clean and well ventilated with operating procedures posted

• 嚴格按照公約要求提前聯(lián)系岸檢機構進行岸檢，配備可給鋼瓶稱重的秤或液位槍 Arrange shore inspections in advance in accordance with convention requirements; weighing scales or liquid level gauges shall be available for cylinder weight checks

?? 重要警示

鋼瓶保險銷嚴禁錯裝漏拔、該拔未拔、該插未插，杜絕系統(tǒng)誤釋放或滅火失效！

▌固定式泡沫滅火系統(tǒng)（Fixed Foam System）

▲ 固定式泡沫滅火系統(tǒng)

• 泡沫液儲存罐泡沫比例正常，未過期，無泄露堵塞，液位正常 Verify normal foam liquid ratio inside storage tanks; check for expiry, leakage, blockage and proper liquid level

• 管路系統(tǒng)無腐蝕，閥門可操作 Inspect pipelines for corrosion and operability of all valves

• 嚴格按照公約要求提前聯(lián)系岸檢機構進行岸檢 Arrange shore inspections in advance in accordance with convention requirements

▲ 水霧噴淋系統(tǒng)功能測試

• 三副負責協(xié)助機艙維護保養(yǎng)，確保其在船舶安全體系中狀態(tài)正常，并具備PSC應答和安全監(jiān)督能力 The Third Officer shall assist the Engine Department with maintenance, ensure compliance with the ship safety management system, and be capable of responding to PSC queries and conducting safety supervision

• 定期協(xié)助機艙測試功能，檢查報警是否正常，噴頭有無堵塞 Cooperate with the Engine Department for regular function tests, inspect alarm operation and nozzle blockages

• 嚴格按照公約要求提前聯(lián)系岸檢機構進行岸檢 Arrange shore inspections in advance in accordance with convention requirements

▲ 消防員裝備全套組成（符合IMO MSC.339(91)決議）

• 消防服完整無破損，耐熱層完好，尺寸合適 Fireman outfits shall be complete and undamaged with intact heat-resistant layers and suitable sizing

• 消防員頭盔無裂紋，內(nèi)襯完整，面罩正常 Fireman helmets shall be crack-free with complete liners and functional visors

• 消防員木楔配備齊全；救生繩符合標準要求，末端信號張貼 Fire door wedges shall be provided; rescue ropes shall meet standard requirements with signals marked at rope ends

• 消防員探照燈電池在有效期內(nèi)，有備用，可正常使用，為防爆類型 Batteries for fireman searchlights shall be within validity periods with spare units; lights shall be operational and explosion-proof

• 消防員對講機按要求配備，防爆類型，外殼完好，天線完好，按鍵靈敏，顯示屏正常，電量充足 Firefighter radios shall be provided as required with intact explosion-proof casings, functional antennas, responsive buttons, normal displays and fully charged batteries

• 對講機必須符合SOLAS/IECEx/ATEX標準，與消防員裝備一起存放，備有備用電池和充電底座 Radios shall comply with SOLAS/IECEx/ATEX standards and be stored alongside firemen's outfits with spare batteries and charging docks

• SCBA氣瓶壓力達標，面罩密封性良好，低壓警報正常，氣管無損壞 SCBA cylinders shall maintain adequate pressure; face masks shall provide good sealing with functional low-pressure alarms and undamaged breathing hoses

• 備用氣瓶壓力達標，固定存放 Spare pressurized cylinders shall be securely stowed with adequate pressure

▲ SCBA氣瓶壓力檢查

▲ 消防員裝備實操訓練

▲ 防爆對講機應急專用存放點

4.4 應急逃生呼吸器（EEBD）常規(guī)檢查

▲ EEBD穿戴示范

用途說明

EEBD作用為在火災/煙霧環(huán)境中提供呼吸保護，僅用于逃離危險區(qū)域，不能用于水上生存，不提供浮力或長期生存能力。EEBD嚴禁用于滅火/貨物作業(yè)。

• 外觀與完整性：外殼完好，面罩無破損，軟管無老化破損，無明顯污染或損壞 Ensure overall integrity: intact casing, undamaged face masks, non-aged and unbroken hoses free of obvious contamination or damage

• 氣瓶狀態(tài)壓力正常，在岸檢有效期內(nèi)，無泄露跡象，固定牢靠 Verify normal cylinder pressure, valid shore inspection certification and no leakage signs; cylinders shall be securely fixed

• 鉛封狀態(tài)完整，未被誤打開，無拆動痕跡 Seals shall remain intact with no signs of tampering or unauthorized opening

• 存放位置與數(shù)量按照fire plan布置，標識清晰，無阻擋可快速取用 Stowage locations and quantities shall comply with fire control plans with clear unobstructed markings for quick access

▲ EEBD壓力視窗檢查

4.5 火警探測報警系統(tǒng)常規(guī)檢查

▲ 火警報警系統(tǒng)控制面板

• 確認火警報警系統(tǒng)處于正常工作狀態(tài)，報警位置、時間日期顯示準確 Ensure the fire alarm system operates normally with accurate alarm location, date and time displays

• 探測器和手動報警按鈕完好 Smoke detectors and manual call points shall remain intact

• 配合電機員完成探測器測試、報警確認及記錄工作 Cooperate with electrical officers to complete detector testing, alarm confirmation and record-keeping

• 確保系統(tǒng)無Fault、無Disable，并與消防布置圖一致 Ensure no system faults or disabled zones, consistent with the fire control plan

▲ 煙霧探測器功能測試

五、船舶不同狀態(tài)下的三副職責

• 三副直接對大副負責，并最終服從船長管理 The Third Officer reports directly to the Chief Officer and is ultimately under the Master's command

• 通讀并嚴格遵守Master Standing Orders，快速熟悉本船駕駛臺與船舶參數(shù)；認真研讀程序手冊與相關質(zhì)量管理體系 Must read and strictly abide by Master's Standing Orders, quickly familiarize with bridge equipment and vessel parameters, thoroughly study procedure manuals and relevant quality management systems

• 及時更新張貼應變部署表；船員變動后與船長商議更新 Timely update and post muster lists; revise lists in consultation with the Master after crew changes

• 負責所有信號旗、國旗的保管維護 Be responsible for storage and maintenance of all signal flags and national flag

• 協(xié)助船長處理港口文件以及證書的管理 Assist the Master with port documentation and certificate management

• 依據(jù)SOLAS及船舶安全管理體系，編制、安排并記錄所有法定船舶應急演習 Formulate, schedule and document all mandatory shipboard emergency drills in compliance with SOLAS and the vessel's SMS

▲ 航行值班瞭望

• 值班時間：

  08:00–12:00 和 20:00–24:00；交接班清晰，核對航向、船位、航速、潮汐、船長命令簿 Navigation watch schedule: 0800–1200 and 2000–2400; conduct clear handover procedures, cross-check course, ship position, speed, tide data and Master day/night Order

• 瞭望與避碰：

  保持正規(guī)瞭望，目視+雷達+AIS綜合瞭望；能見度不良按規(guī)定鳴放霧笛并加強瞭望 Maintain navigation lookout and collision avoidance: conduct comprehensive lookout via visual observation, radar and AIS; sound fog signals and strengthen lookout in restricted visibility

• 船位核對：

  勤核對GPS、ECDIS船位，偏離航線及時修正 Frequent cross-check of GPS and ECDIS positions; adjust course promptly if deviating from the planned route

• 會遇判斷：

  來船及早判斷會遇情況，提前鳴笛、轉(zhuǎn)向、減速，做到"早、大、寬、清" Early assessment of meeting situations with approaching vessels; sound signals, alter course or reduce speed in advance following the principle of "early, substantial, ample and clear"

• 羅經(jīng)差測定：

  每班測定羅經(jīng)差并記錄，檢查航行設備 Measure compass error every watch and record results; inspect all navigation equipment

• 文書記錄：

  按要求完成航海日志記錄 Complete all required logbook entries as specified

• 消防巡邏：

  按規(guī)定執(zhí)行全船消防巡回檢查 Conduct full-ship fire patrols per regulations

▲ 典型走錨案例軌跡

• 值班時間：

  08:00–12:00 和 20:00–24:00 Anchorage watch schedule: 0800–1200 and 2000–2400

• 防走錨：

  定時定位防走錨，盯緊船首向、速度、水深風流；發(fā)現(xiàn)走錨趨勢第一時間通知機艙備車并叫船長 Monitor vessel position and anchor equipment; take regular position fixes to prevent dragging anchor; notify the Engine Department and call the Master immediately if dragging anchor trends are observed

• 信號顯示：

  保持錨燈、錨球正常；VHF守聽交管/引水頻道；能見度不良鳴放霧笛；正確設置AIS狀態(tài) Ensure anchor lights and anchor balls are displayed correctly; maintain VHF listening watch; sound fog signals in restricted visibility; set AIS status correctly

• 巡邏檢查：

  定時全船消防、ISPS保安巡邏；留意周邊可疑小艇 Conduct regular full-ship fire and ISPS security patrols; monitor suspicious small craft nearby

• 文書記錄：

  按要求完成航海日志記錄 Complete all required logbook entries as specified

▲ 船舶進出港作業(yè)

三副在駕駛臺協(xié)助船長，除航行值班工作外，需要完成：

• 填寫車鐘記錄簿（Fill in bell book）

• 按船長/引水指令操作車鐘，核對主機轉(zhuǎn)向/轉(zhuǎn)速/指令一致

• 傳達舵令并監(jiān)督舵工操作

• 無其他駕駛員時，檢查引水員登離乘梯，接送引水員

• 開展離港前駕駛臺設備測試

• 按規(guī)定懸掛各類信號旗/國旗

• 靠妥碼頭后更改AIS狀態(tài)，鎖閉駕駛臺，妥善收納貴重物品，切斷無關電器，消除明火隱患

▲ 港口裝卸貨作業(yè)

• 值班時間：

  06:00–12:00 和 18:00–24:00 Port watch schedule: 0600–1200 and 1800–2400

• 裝卸貨值班：

  按照大副安排值裝卸貨班；嚴格遵守作業(yè)指令及安全作業(yè)流程，正確如實填寫Port Log Book Perform cargo handling watches as arranged by the Chief Officer; strictly follow operational instructions and safety procedures, truthfully complete the Port Logbook

• 吃水觀測：

  頻繁觀測船舶吃水，核對船上貨物計量與碼頭岸方數(shù)據(jù)；偏差明顯立即上報大副 Continuously monitor vessel draft during watchkeeping, cross-check onboard cargo measurements with shore terminal data; immediately report obvious discrepancies to the Chief Officer

• 人員管控：

  嚴控登船人員，對身份存疑訪客核查證件，異常立即上報 Strictly control boarding personnel, verify identity documents for suspicious visitors and report abnormalities without delay

• 纜繩看管：

  全程看管纜繩狀態(tài)，保持船舶貼靠碼頭并對齊裝卸設備 Constantly monitor mooring line tension to keep the vessel alongside the berth aligned with cargo handling equipment

• 照明保障：

  保證甲板、貨艙照明充足 Maintain sufficient lighting on deck and in holds

• 保安消防：

  落實港口消防、保安值班，按規(guī)定開展巡邏 Implement port fire and security watchkeeping, and conduct patrols as required

In summary, the Third Officer's work covers numerous trivial tasks, spanning maintenance of life-saving and fire-fighting equipment and navigation, anchor, port safety watchkeeping. Equipment inspections, weekly and monthly checks, and drill records must never be perfunctorily completed. Vigilant lookout, position fixing, collision avoidance, patrol rounds and monitoring cargo operations etc during watchkeeping cannot be laxation. No task on board is insignificant, Third Officer maintains a strong sense of responsibility, fully complies with international conventions and shipboard procedures, timely rectifies equipment deficiencies and standardizes watchkeeping operations and hold the first line of ship safety and finally he will become a fully qualified professional Third Officer.

三副工作繁雜細碎，一頭連著救生消防設備維護，一頭擔著航行、錨泊、港口值班安全。各類設備檢查、周檢月檢、演習記錄不能敷衍，值班期間瞭望、定位、避碰、巡回檢查，貨物監(jiān)管等更不能松懈。日常工作無小事，唯有保持責任心，嚴格按公約和船上制度逐項落實，及時整改設備缺陷、規(guī)范值班操作，守住船舶安全的第一道防線，成為一名合格的三副。

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